A Thought on the Parasha
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There has been much talk this past week about vengeance. In this regard, it is instructive to explore what our parasha says about zealotry – which is a close cousin to vengeance – and peace. Consider the following: A religious zealot witnesses a person who is flagrantly violating religious standards of behavior and, acting in the name of God, picks up the nearest available weapon and violently slays this sinner. If this happened today – and it does – we would be outraged and call for this act to be condemned. The Torah, however, praises it.
It is instructive in this regard to contrast Pinchas with Eliyahu. The midrash states "Pinchas is Eliyahu," and indeed, both of them were “zealous for God.” In response to the rampant idolatry in the Land of Israel, Eliyahu decrees that there be no rain in the land and after three years of famine, in a great public demonstration, slays the prophets of the pagan god Ba’al by the edge of the sword. He runs to hide in a cave, and there God appears to him:
Eliyahu has indeed been “zealous for the Lord,” and as a result, many have died by sword and by famine. God, however, has a lesson to teach him – God is not about violence, but about the small, still voice, the voice that will speak to a person’s heart, the voice that will bring about peace. Eliyahu, however, cannot comprehend this message:
Eliyahu is so committed to his absolute sense of truth that he cannot understand that the time for zealotry has passed, and that for the people to reconcile with God, a small voice, the voice of peace, is needed. If he cannot understand this, then he can no longer lead the people, and Elisha the prophet must take his place.
Pinchas is Eliyahu, but he develops and matures. Eliyahu, on the other hand, is Pinchas but only the younger Pinchas. Eliyahu is taken heavenward in a whirlwind; he is not a person of this world. His zealotry for truth and for God could not be reconciled with the frailties of human beings. He is never to become the older Pinchas. At least not in this world. But Eliyahu will become the ultimate emissary of peace in the future world:
He will be the one to bring about peace to save the world for the harsh judgment that God, in His attribute of truth, would demand.
In the end, the Sages debate how much Eliyahu’s final mission of peace will in fact trump his earlier mission of truth and zealotry. Regarding those whose personal status had prevented them from marrying within the Jewish people, we find the following discussion in the mishnah:
According to R. Yehoshua, even in the future, Eliyahu will not compromise truth one iota. Peace will only be a possible byproduct of truth. Eliyahu’s mission will be to rectify falsehood, to ensure that a person’s status is true to reality. R. Yehudah, however, believes that, in the end, truth will serve the interests of peace, and that it will be called on only to bring close those who have been distanced. The Sages, however, reject both of these positions and believe that for Eliyahu these two principles will never be able to be reconciled. Eliyahu will only be able to devote himself to peace by allowing the work of truth to be done by others.
Eliyahu was not of this world, but Pinchas was of this world. He was given God’s covenant of peace, and was able to realize in his own lifetime true religious leadership, a leadership that brings an unflinching devotion to God and to truth in one’s service to the people, and a leadership that actualizes this truth in ways of peace.
There has been much talk this past week about vengeance. In this regard, it is instructive to explore what our parasha says about zealotry – which is a close cousin to vengeance – and peace. Consider the following: A religious zealot witnesses a person who is flagrantly violating religious standards of behavior and, acting in the name of God, picks up the nearest available weapon and violently slays this sinner. If this happened today – and it does – we would be outraged and call for this act to be condemned. The Torah, however, praises it.
“Pinchas… has turned My anger
away from the people of Israel, when he was zealous for My sake among them,
that I consumed not the people of Israel in My jealousy. Therefore, say, Behold
I give him My covenant of peace… a covenant for eternal priesthood, because he
was jealous for his God and made atonement for the Children of Israel”
(Bamidbar 25:13).
Is religious zealotry, then,
an ideal to be emulated? While recognizing that such actions were praised after
the fact in the Torah, the Gemara states that halakha, as a normative system, would never give prior warrant to
such violence, and that, from a halakhic
point of view, Pinchas was actually a “pursuer” who could have been killed to prevent
him from taking Zimri’s life (Sanhedrin 82a). License can never be given
to violence, even if it is motivated by religious zealotry.
One can detect a similar
concern in the blessing that God gives to Pinchas: “Behold, I give him My
covenant of peace.” While after the fact and in this unique set of
circumstances, this act of zealotry was praiseworthy, the blessing for
eternity, the guiding principle for life, must be one not of violence but of
peace.
One must hold strong to this
zeal for truth and for God, but to realize it in the real world – the world of
human beings and imperfection – one must actualize it in ways of peace. God's
seal is truth (Shabbat 55a), and truth is absolute and unbending. But even
God's name is erased for the sake of peace (Shabbat 116b). For the Torah of truth to
be a Torah for life, one needs to be guided by the principle
of peace
When Torah and truth run up
against error and sin, the response need not be violence; the response can be
understanding and compromise.
Thus, we find that, later in
life, Pinchas becomes the embodiment of peace. In the book of Joshua, when
the tribes of Reuven, Gad, and half the tribe of Menashe return to the
Transjordan and build a large altar, the Israelites prepare to wage war against
them, believing that they have abandoned God. Pinchas, however, is sent to
lead a delegation, and he brokers a peace and averts war (Joshua 22). He
has moved beyond his zealous uncompromising youth, to become an elder statesman
who pursues diplomacy, compromise, and peace. Significantly, the Talmud records
the opinion of Rav Ashi that Pinchas did not even become a kohen until he brokered this peace (Zevachim 101b). His
“covenant of priesthood” could only be realized when he realized his “covenant
of peace.”
It is instructive in this regard to contrast Pinchas with Eliyahu. The midrash states "Pinchas is Eliyahu," and indeed, both of them were “zealous for God.” In response to the rampant idolatry in the Land of Israel, Eliyahu decrees that there be no rain in the land and after three years of famine, in a great public demonstration, slays the prophets of the pagan god Ba’al by the edge of the sword. He runs to hide in a cave, and there God appears to him:
And he came there to a cave,
and lodged there; and, behold, the word of the Lord came to him, and he said to
him, What are you doing here, Eliyahu?
And he said, I have been very
zealous for the Lord God of hosts; for the people of Israel have forsaken your
covenant, thrown down your altars, and killed your prophets with the sword; and
I am the only one left; and they seek my life, to take it away.
And God said, Go out, and
stand upon the mount before the Lord. And, behold, the Lord passed by, and a
great and strong wind tore the mountains, and broke in pieces the rocks before
the Lord; but the Lord was not in the wind; and after the wind an earthquake;
but the Lord was not in the earthquake; And after the earthquake a fire; but
the Lord was not in the fire; and after the fire a still small voice
(Kings I, 19: 9-13).
(Kings I, 19: 9-13).
Eliyahu has indeed been “zealous for the Lord,” and as a result, many have died by sword and by famine. God, however, has a lesson to teach him – God is not about violence, but about the small, still voice, the voice that will speak to a person’s heart, the voice that will bring about peace. Eliyahu, however, cannot comprehend this message:
… And, behold, there came a
voice to him, and said, What are you doing here, Eliyahu?
And he said, I have been very
zealous for the Lord God of hosts; because the people of Israel have forsaken
your covenant, thrown down your altars, and killed your prophets with the
sword; and I am the only one left; and they seek my life, to take it away.
And the Lord said to him, Go,
return on your way … and Elisha … shall you anoint to be prophet in your place
(Kings I, 19: 14-16).
Eliyahu is so committed to his absolute sense of truth that he cannot understand that the time for zealotry has passed, and that for the people to reconcile with God, a small voice, the voice of peace, is needed. If he cannot understand this, then he can no longer lead the people, and Elisha the prophet must take his place.
Pinchas is Eliyahu, but he develops and matures. Eliyahu, on the other hand, is Pinchas but only the younger Pinchas. Eliyahu is taken heavenward in a whirlwind; he is not a person of this world. His zealotry for truth and for God could not be reconciled with the frailties of human beings. He is never to become the older Pinchas. At least not in this world. But Eliyahu will become the ultimate emissary of peace in the future world:
Behold, I will send you
Eliyahu the prophet before the coming of the great and terrible day of the
Lord; And he shall turn the heart of the fathers to the children, and the heart
of the children to their fathers, lest I come and strike the land with a curse
(Malachi 3:22-23).
He will be the one to bring about peace to save the world for the harsh judgment that God, in His attribute of truth, would demand.
In the end, the Sages debate how much Eliyahu’s final mission of peace will in fact trump his earlier mission of truth and zealotry. Regarding those whose personal status had prevented them from marrying within the Jewish people, we find the following discussion in the mishnah:
R. Yehoshua said: I have
received a tradition from Rabban Yochanan b. Zakkai, who heard it from his
teacher, and his teacher [heard it] from his teacher, as a halakhah [given] to Moses from Sinai, that Eliyahu will not come to
pronounce unclean or to pronounce clean, to put away or to bring near, but to
push away those brought near by force and to bring near those pushed away by
force…
R.Yehudah says: To bring
near, but not to push away…
The Sages say neither to push
away nor to bring near, but to make peace in the world, for it is said, “Behold
I send to you Eliyahu the prophet, etc., and he shall turn the heart of the
fathers to the children and the heart of the children to their fathers” (Mishna
Eduyot 8:7).
According to R. Yehoshua, even in the future, Eliyahu will not compromise truth one iota. Peace will only be a possible byproduct of truth. Eliyahu’s mission will be to rectify falsehood, to ensure that a person’s status is true to reality. R. Yehudah, however, believes that, in the end, truth will serve the interests of peace, and that it will be called on only to bring close those who have been distanced. The Sages, however, reject both of these positions and believe that for Eliyahu these two principles will never be able to be reconciled. Eliyahu will only be able to devote himself to peace by allowing the work of truth to be done by others.
Eliyahu was not of this world, but Pinchas was of this world. He was given God’s covenant of peace, and was able to realize in his own lifetime true religious leadership, a leadership that brings an unflinching devotion to God and to truth in one’s service to the people, and a leadership that actualizes this truth in ways of peace.
Shabbat shalom!
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